In the U.S., the FCC licenses individual broadcast stations (TV and radio). Each station must have a license to operate on its assigned frequency.
The networks (ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox, etc.) are not licensed by the FCC in the same way. They are content providers/distributors that affiliate with local, FCC-licensed stations.
So:
FCC license → station
No FCC license → network (as a whole)
The FCC can regulate content standards and rules (like indecency, political advertising, EAS alerts) that apply through the stations, but it doesnt hand out a network license.
Heres how it works:
Networks (ABC, NBC, CBS, Fox, etc.) are corporations. They produce and distribute programming. They arent licensees of the airwaves.
To reach the public, they sign affiliation agreements with individual FCC-licensed stations. Those stations agree to carry the networks programming at certain times.
The FCC regulates the stations licenses, not the networks existence. The network just operates as a business entity under ordinary corporate law.
The FCC does, however, review mergers, acquisitions, and ownership structures involving networks and stations (e.g., when NBC is owned by Comcast, or if a network tries to own too many stations in a single market). That oversight is through its media ownership and competition rules, not through issuing a network license.
So a network doesnt apply for or hold an operating permit from the FCC it relies on its affiliated or owned stations, which are licensed individually.