Perfluorinated Toxic Fuel Cell Byproduct Detected in North Carolina Seawater.

[NNadir]

I have very little time to discuss this interesting paper from the group of the famous (to mass spec people) scientist Erin Baker but I'll make a quick note of it. The paper is this one: Detection and Quantitation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in North Carolina Sea Foam and the Corresponding Sea Water Jeffrey R. Enders, Rebecca A. Weed, Emily Donovan, Drake Phelps, Grace Campbell, Katlyn May, and Erin S. Baker Environmental Science & Technology 2025 59 (35), 18831-18845.

Dr. Baker is a world leader in the development of ion mobility spectrometry, a very powerful tool in proteomics (with which I am professionally involved) as well as in the study of the broad class of highly problematic, highly variable, and widely distributed perfluoroalkylated substances, PFAS. A subset of these contaminants are found in Nafion, a polymer widely used in the hydrogen fuel cells that the fossil fuel industry likes to advertise here and elsewhere in the effort to rebrand fossil fuels as "green."

From the introduction to the paper:

Per and poly fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic molecules that are ubiquitously found in biological and environmental forms of media. (1) Many PFAS have surface-active properties that make these compounds especially persistent and toxic to humans and the environment. (2) These same surface-active properties mean PFAS are very proficient at partitioning into and stabilizing foams in aqueous media. In areas where PFAS are released into natural waterways excessive foams have been observed that, in some cases, have been found to contain significant concentrations of PFAS that have preferentially partitioned to the surface microlayer and foam layers. (3) These foam-partitioned PFAS are suspected to originate from sources such as landfill leachate runoff, chemical manufacturer discharge, and airport discharge (presumably from firefighting foam). (4) In an evaluation of foam from Michigan and Wisconsin, PFAS was found to be enriched in the foam (relative to the underlying bulk water) on the order of 7000 × for some PFAS. This led to Michigan’s Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) concluding that these foams may present a public health hazard as a result of ingestion or dermal exposure to the foam. Due to these high levels in the foam MDHHS issued a foam advisory, warning residents to avoid contact with foam found on rivers and lakes. (5)

North Carolina has been especially affected by PFAS contamination due to chemical manufacturing and other industries that occur along the Cape Fear River. Many reports have identified and quantitated various PFAS at remarkable levels in environmental samples as well as biological fluids of residents. (6−10) Communities in this region remain concerned about historic and new exposures to PFAS impacting their way of life. Recently, nine United Nations human rights experts called out major PFAS producers, as well as state and federal regulators, for failing to protect residents, especially in North Carolina, from business-related human rights abuses. These studies, combined with community advocacy efforts have influenced legislature at the federal level as GenX (sometimes referred to as Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid [HFPO–DA]), a PFAS found primarily in NC, has been assigned an U.S. EPA Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 parts per trillion (ppt). Some of the PFAS identified in these studies are particularly pertinent to North Carolina as these compounds are predominantly produced/discharged from chemical manufacturing plants located in this area. These compounds include (but are not limited to) GenX, PFMOAA, PEPA, PMPA, PFO2HxA, PFO3OA, PFO4DA, (11) PFO5DoA, (11) Nafion Byproduct 1 (PS Acid), Nafion Byproduct 2, NVHOS, and Hydro-EVE. (12) In a consent order between the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Cape Fear River Watch and Chemours, Chemours was required to provide reverse osmosis drinking water systems for homes in Bladen County with drinking water wells contaminated with greater than 70 ppt total PFAS or 10 ppt of any individual PFAS from a select list of PFAS (including PFMOAA, PMPA, PFO2HxA, PEPA, PFO3OA, PFO4DA, Nafion Byproduct 1 [PS Acid], Nafion Byproduct 2, PFO5DoA, PFHpA and GenX) known to occur primarily in this region. (13)...

I added the bold.

In this work, as stable isotope labeled standards were available for the 49 compounds evaluated in seawater and seafoam, IMS was not employed. The Mass Spec in question was a run of the mill Orbitrap, the Exploris 240. (Not my favorite mass spec.)

I'll have to jump right to graphics, since I have little time for a complete description:



The caption:

Figure 1. Map of sample collection locations along the coast of North Carolina and within the Cap Fear River estuary. The Cape Fear Regional Jetport (purple shape), the Wilmington International Airport (teal shape), and the Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point (MOTSU, orange shape) are shown for proximity considerations with relation to sampling locations. Inset: Photograph of sea foam collected at site labeled “Sample 10”.

The caption:

Figure 2. Quantitative results for the bulk water samples collected with every sea foam sample. Results are separated by class: (A) perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, (B) perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids. (C) Fluorotelomer sulfonates, (D) Sulfonamides, (E) perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids, (F) perfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids, (G) Zwitterions, (H) log10 total sum of all PFAS quantitated.

The caption:

Figure 4. Quantitative results for the sea foam samples collected. Results are separated by class: (A) perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, (B) perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids. (C) Fluorotelomer sulfonates, (D) sulfonamides, (E) perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids, (F) perfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids, (G) Zwitterions, (H) log10 total sum of all PFAS quantitated.

An excerpt related to Nafion by products:

In Figure 4H, which is shown as a log scale, the 70 ppt concentration specified in the Chemours consent order is highlighted. All foam samples had total PFAS values above this limit. In one case (foam 10), the levels were 1.2 million times this level. Foam sample 10 had PFOS in excess of 8 million ng/L. In addition, various regional North Carolina PFAS such as PFO5DoA was in excess of 10,000 ng/L in 4 of the 13 samples and Nafion Byproduct 2 was in excess of 1000 ng/L in 7 of the 13 samples tested. These levels are the highest ever reported for water based environmental condensed foams exceeding previous values recorded in Michigan (4) (PFOS concentration of ca. 300,000 ng/L) and Wisconsin (3) (PFOS concentration of ca. 97,000 ng/L). These quantitative PFAS results are contextually not surprising as North Carolina and specifically the Cape Fear River are notorious for their PFAS pollution problem

I added the bold, italics and underlining.

The toxicological import of Nafion byproducts is described here among other places:

Justin M. Conley, Christy S. Lambright, Nicola Evans, Elizabeth Medlock-Kakaley, Donna Hill, James McCord, Mark J. Strynar, Leah C. Wehmas, Susan Hester, Denise K. MacMillan, L. Earl Gray, Developmental toxicity of Nafion byproduct 2 (NBP2) in the Sprague-Dawley rat with comparisons to hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA or GenX) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), Environment International, Volume 160, 2022, 107056

The fossil fuel industry in its efforts to greenwash itself is a big promoter of the idea of "green hydrogen," which is effectively a lie, since only a trivial amount of hydrogen is generated by electrolysis, in most cases using grid electricity, the majority of which is still generated using dangerous fossil fuels, adding on the thermodynamic penalty wherein exergy is destroyed merely by generating electricity. This fraudulent bit of marketing utilizes the mistaken belief that so called "renewable energy" is a significant form of energy - it isn't in most places - and that so called "renewable energy" is sustainable and clean, also not true.

Part of this marketing is the claim that fuel cells are sustainable. The requirement for the precious metal platinum in fuel cells - all the hype about precious metal free fuel cells notwithstanding - means that fuel cells are not sustainable except in rather rare applications, where they are expensive but unavoidable.

I would note that the issue with PFAS, in particular the Nafion byproducts suggests that fuel cells, even if they don't explode and burn, are not safe either. The world can't afford them, but there are many things that the world can't afford in use. It would be better to cut the whole thing off before it starts killing a lot of people, fish, and other fauna.

Have a nice day tomorrow.