Software runs the world, and there are two kinds: disposable code and durable code.

[Bernardo de La Paz]

7. Critical systems, like airliner avionics, have much higher standards and support but I don't know about certifications.

I think major airlines (to pursue the example a bit) would have programmers embedded at certain stages as extra eyes for everyone's benefit from architecting on up. Airlines would develop software certifications of their own (and might have industry standards) just like the hardware (wings, engines, etc) would have complex and thorough inspection and testing all the way through fabrication, manufacturing, and assembly.

There are many critical applications and security needs to be better addressed for things like utilities, school systems, and medical networks.